[Footnote 59: _Quarterly Review_, Vol. 110, p. 282. July, 1861.] [Footnote 60: Duffus, "English Opinion," p. 7.] [Footnote 61: _Westminster_, Vol. LXXX, p. 587.] [Footnote 62: Adams' course was bitterly criticized by his former intimate friend, Charles Sumner, but the probable purpose of Adams was, foreseeing the certainty of secession, to exhibit so strongly the arrogance and intolerance of the South as to create greater unity of Northern sentiment. This was a purpose that could not be declared and both at home and abroad his action, and that of other former anti-slavery leaders, for the moment weakened faith that the North was in earnest on the general issue of slavery.] [Footnote 63: _Services rendered by Russia to the American People during the War of the Rebellion_, Petersburg, 1904, p. 5.] [Footnote 64: _Parliamentary Papers_, 1862, _Lords_, Vol. XXV, "Correspondence on Civil War in the United States," No. 1.] [Footnote 65: _Ibid._, No. 6. Russell to Lyons, December 26, 1860.] [Footnote 66: _Ibid._, Russell to Lyons, No. 9, January 5, 1861, and No. 17, February 20, 1861.] [Footnote 67: _Parliamentary Papers_, 1861, _Lords_, Vol. XVIII. Correspondence with U.S. Government respecting suspension of Federal Customs House at the Port of Charleston. Nos. 1 and 3.] [Footnote 68: Lyons Papers. Lyons to Bunch, December 12, 1860.] [Footnote 69: _Ibid._, The same day official instructions were sent permitting Bunch to remain at Charleston, but directing him, if asked to recognize South Carolina, to refer the matter to England. F.O., Am., Vol. 754, No. 6. Russell to Lyons, January 10, 1861.] [Footnote 70: Lyons Papers. Russell to Lyons, January 22, 1861.] [Footnote 71: This view was not shared by Lyons' colleagues at Washington. The Russian Minister, Stoeckl, early declared the Union permanently destroyed, and regretting the fact, yet hoped the North would soon accept the inevitable and seek close co-operation with the South in commerce and in foreign relations. This view was repeated by him many times and most emphatically as late as the first month of 1863. (Russian Archives, Stoeckl to F.O., January 29-February 10, 1863. No. 342.) It was not until September, 1863, that Stoeckl ventured to hope for a Northern reconquest of the South. I am indebted to Dr. Frank A. Golder, of Stanford University, for the use of his notes and transcripts covering all of the Russian diplomatic correspondence with the United