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John Gabriel Borkman

Creator: Ibsen, Henrik, 1828-1906
Translator: Archer, William, 1856-1924
Contributor: -
Editor: -


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The Collected Works of Henrik Ibsen, Volume XI JOHN GABRIEL BORKMAN. by HENRIK IBSEN Translation and Introduction by William Archer. INTRODUCTION.* The anecdotic history of _John Gabriel Borkman_ is even scantier than that of _Little Eyolf_. It is true that two mentions of it occur in Ibsen's letters, but they throw no light whatever upon its spiritual antecedents. Writing to George Brandes from Christiania, on April 24, 1896, Ibsen says: "In your last letter you make the suggestion that I should visit London. If I knew enough English, I might
Melmoth Reconciled

MELMOTH RECONCILED BY HONORE DE BALZAC Translated by Ellen Marriage To Monsieur le General Baron de Pommereul, a token of the friendship between our fathers, which survives in their sons. DE BALZAC.
perhaps go. But as I unfortunately do not, I must give up the idea altogether. Besides, I am engaged in preparing for a big new work, and I do not wish to put off the writing of it longer than necessary. It might so easily happen that a roof-tile fell on my head before I had 'found time to make the last verse.' And what then?" On October 3 of the same year, writing to the same correspondent, he again alludes to his work as "a new long play, which must be completed as soon as possible." It was, as a matter of fact, completed with very little delay, for it appeared in Copenhagen on December 15, 1896. The irresponsible gossip of the time made out that Bjornson discerned in the play some personal allusions to himself; but this Bjornson emphatically denied. I am not aware that any attempt has been made to identify the original of the various characters. It need scarcely be pointed out that in the sisters Gunhild and Ella we have the pair of women, one strong and masterful, the other tender and devoted, who run through so many of Ibsen's plays, from _The Feast at Solhoug_ onwards--nay, even from _Catalina_. In my Introduction to _The Lady from the Sea_ (p. xxii) it is pointed out that Ibsen had the character of Foldal clearly in his mind when, in March 1880, he made the first draft of that play. The character there appears as: "The old married clerk. Has written a play in his youth which was only once acted. Is for ever touching it up, and lives in the illusion that it will be published and will make a great success. Takes no steps, however, to bring this about. Nevertheless accounts himself